How do roaming agreements between operators influence pricing, revenue, and the development of eSIM?
Roaming agreements define wholesale fees that operators charge each other for international network usage, directly impacting end-user pricing and operator margins. Regulation (such as EU 'roam like at home') reduces traditional roaming revenues, pushing operators to compensate through value-added services. eSIM accelerates this shift by enabling seamless access to local networks without a physical SIM card, increasing competition and fostering more flexible, transparent international connectivity offers.